Belanja online mudah dilakukan di Flipkart Gone adalah hari-hari, ketika Anda harus melakukan perjalanan belanja yang melelahkan dan menunggu antrian panjang untuk membeli sesuatu. Hari ini, dengan belanja online, semua yang anda butuhkan ada di ujung jari anda. Misalnya, pesta besar ini dilemparkan oleh teman Anda, atau saudara perempuan Anda menikah, dan Anda memerlukan gaun baru, sebenarnya Anda memerlukan lebih dari satu gaun, Anda memerlukan sepatu yang serasi. Aksesoris, tas dan make up. Anda harus segera menyelesaikan semua ini, mungkin sebelum akhir pekan. Dan Anda bahkan tidak bisa mengambil cuti dari tempat kerja untuk berbelanja di mall yang penuh sesak. Apa yang Anda lakukan Anda tidak dapat mendelegasikan orang lain untuk membeli barang-barang ini untuk Anda? Bagaimana jika mereka membawa sesuatu yang tidak Anda sukai Anda bahkan tidak dapat mengembalikan barang-barang itu dan mengembalikan uang Anda. Flipkart Assured Flipkart membuat belanja online semudah mungkin. Anda dapat selalu yakin tentang kualitas produk yang Anda beli secara online di situs kami. Bersama dengan mitra terpercaya kami, kami berjanji untuk hanya menghadirkan produk asli dan merek baru, dengan tagihan yang benar. Hampir semua produk teratas di situs kami memiliki lencana Flipkart Assured pada mereka, menjamin bahwa mereka telah melewati enam tahap pemeriksaan kualitas yang ketat. Anda bisa melihat lencana F-Assured di semua kategori populer seperti ponsel. Elektronik, home furnishing. Peralatan pribadi dan fashion. Kebijakan Pengembalian dan Penggantian yang Mudah Bayangkan Anda telah membeli jaket mahal dari Mangga, atau sepasang Steve Madden menoreh harga, warna, semuanya sesuai dengan keinginan Anda saat Anda memesan produk di situs kami. Tapi saat pesanan sampai ke Anda, Anda menemukan warna jaket yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginan Anda atau sepatu sedikit tergelincir atau kencang atau Anda merasa tidak puas dengan produk karena alasan tertentu, Anda dapat dengan mudah mengembalikan produk dan mengembalikan uang Anda. . Atau Anda juga bisa mengembalikannya dan meminta ukuran lain, tanpa membayar uang ekstra. Belanja online di situs kami juga memastikan Anda menikmati pengiriman lebih cepat. EMI Membuat Semuanya Terjangkau Jadi Anda memerlukan mesin cuci baru atau smartphone baru. Karena mereka tidak datang murah, membelinya akan membutuhkan banyak uang. Meskipun gajian Anda hanya sekitar sudut, Anda juga memiliki komitmen lain, dan Anda tidak dapat membayar mesin cuci atau ponsel dalam satu kesempatan. Apa yang akan Anda lakukan Beg, pinjam, curi Theres tidak perlu menggunakan salah satu dari tindakan putus asa ini, terutama bila Anda dapat membeli produk favorit Anda di EMI dari toko online kami. Ingin Mengerti Produk yang Lebih Baik Memeriksa Panduan Pembelian Kami Jadi, Anda berencana membeli lemari es untuk rumah Anda, atau Anda ingin berinvestasi di beberapa peralatan olahraga, tapi Anda tidak mengerti tentang ekor atau ekor tentang produk ini. Bila Anda melihat produk dan daftar spesifikasi mereka yang besar, semuanya akan terlihat dari bahasa Yunani dan bahasa Latin untuk Anda. Anda memutuskan untuk mendengarkan rekan Anda dan akhirnya membeli kulkas yang tidak Anda sukai. Atau Anda menghabiskan ribuan peralatan olahraga yang sebenarnya tidak Anda butuhkan. Daripada melakukan kesalahan yang begitu mahal, pergilah melalui panduan pembelian kami untuk berbagai kategori produk dan jadikan pengalaman belanja online Anda sebaik mungkin. Berbelanja di App Jadi Anda macet dalam kemacetan, atau Anda sedang bersantai di hari Minggu sore yang malas. Anda tidak merasa seperti boot up laptop Anda di waktu luang Anda. Kami memiliki ide bagus, dengarkan daftar putar Anda, rileks dan juga berbelanja produk favorit Anda saat bepergian di aplikasi mobile kami. Jadi, apa yang Anda belanjakan hari ini Bagaimana Mendapatkan Uang Online di India 8211 2015 Review Paypal Jadi Anda berpikir untuk bekerja dari rumah di India atau baru saja menemukan pekerjaan online pertama Anda atau sepupu Anda Venky yang sekarang tinggal di Amerika Serikat dan mendapatkan Di AS ingin mengembalikan uang yang Anda berikan kepadanya selama masa kuliah Anda. Jangan khawatir, setiap blogger dan Pengusaha Internet sejak awal Internet menghadapi dilema ini. Saat ini kami memiliki puluhan perusahaan transfer uang online besar dan perusahaan pemula di India yang mengizinkan Anda mengirim dan menerima pembayaran secara online namun masih ada pertanyaan jutaan dolar Bagaimana Anda secara aman menerima uang secara online di India dengan biaya transaksi minimal Anda bisa menerima uang secara online. Melalui salah satu dari belasan layanan, tapi mana yang terbaik. Anda mungkin memiliki banyak pertanyaan lain tentang menerima pembayaran online pertama Anda, beberapa di antaranya mungkin: Bagaimana uang itu akan ditransfer ke rekening bank Anda Apa yang akan menjadi tingkat konversi untuk Rupee AS ke India Apa yang akan menjadi biaya transaksi per transfer Bagaimana Banyak hari yang dibutuhkan untuk menerima uang itu ke rekening bank Anda Apakah Anda memerlukan rekening Bank untuk menerima uang Pada artikel ini kita akan mengeksplorasi jawaban atas semua pertanyaan ini dan banyak lagi. Kami akan menjelaskan betapa mudahnya menerima pembayaran online pertama Anda dari luar India. Jika Anda ingin mentransfer uang ke India, Anda dapat menggunakan jaringan bank lokal yang terdiri dari bank sektor swasta dan publik seperti Bank ICICI, Bank Negara India, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank. Canara Bank dan lain-lain yang cukup efisien dan memiliki jaringan cabang yang baik di seluruh India. Paypal telah muncul dalam dekade terakhir sebagai layanan pembayaran terbesar dan paling dapat diandalkan secara online dan digunakan oleh jutaan pengusaha dan pekerja lepas secara online. Paypal dimulai pada tahun 1998 dan merupakan perusahaan Amerika yang didirikan oleh Elon Musk yang sekarang terkenal. Ini diakuisisi oleh eBay pada tahun 2002. Kami sangat menganjurkan agar Anda menggunakan Paypal sebagai pilihan pertama Anda untuk menerima pembayaran secara online karena saat ini merupakan dompet digital online terbesar di dunia dan pada tahun 2014 mentransfer lebih dari 200 miliar dolar AS ke 190 negara di seluruh dunia. Perusahaan ini menyediakan Dompet Digital Internasional yang memungkinkan Anda menerima dan melakukan pembayaran secara online dengan aman dan tanpa gangguan. Mereka juga memiliki sistem pengecekan anti-kecurangan yang kuat. Apalagi jika Anda merasa telah tertipu Anda selalu bisa membalik transaksi dan meminta pengembalian dana dengan membuka perselisihan di Paypal Resolution Center. Ikuti langkah-langkah di bawah ini untuk menerima pembayaran online pertama Anda di India Kepala pertama untuk membayar paypal ke situs web Paypal untuk pengguna India dan klik tombol Sign Up di sudut kanan atas layar. Anda kemudian akan dibawa ke layar berikutnya yang akan muncul seperti di bawah ini: Klik pada tombol Get Started di bawah 8220 Accounts for Individuals 8221 jika Anda ingin mendaftarkan akun sesuai nama Anda. Jika Anda memiliki perusahaan perseorangan, perusahaan atau perusahaan yang terdaftar dan ingin membuka akun Paypal dengan nama itu kemudian memilih 8220 Akun untuk Bisnis 8220. Setelah mengklik Accounts for Individuals Anda akan ditransfer ke layar berikutnya, di mana Anda akan diminta untuk Masukkan data pribadi anda seperti Name, Date of Birth, Address, Mobile no dll. Mohon isi ini. Pada tahap ini Anda mungkin ditanya tentang kartu kredit atau kartu debit Anda. Jika Anda berniat menggunakan Paypal untuk melakukan pembelian secara online maka Anda dapat memberikan informasi ini atau Anda dapat melewatkannya karena ini adalah fitur opsional. Setelah Anda mengisi semua detail klik pada Setuju dan Buat Akun di bagian bawah halaman. Anda akan menerima email konfirmasi dari Paypal segera. Sekarang Anda memiliki akun Paypal secara gratis yang bisa digunakan untuk mengirim dan menerima uang dari seluruh dunia. Sekarang ikuti langkah-langkah yang diuraikan di bawah ini untuk menerima pembayaran online pertama Anda. Masuk ke akun Paypal yang baru Anda buat dan klik tab Request Money yang akan Anda lihat di tengah layar. Kemudian klik tombol Request Money di bawah panel navigasi. Selanjutnya lanjutkan untuk memasukkan rincian email orang yang harus melakukan pembayaran ke Anda dan jumlah yang harus dibayar. Setelah Anda mengisi semua detail klik continue dan Paypal akan mengirim email ke orang yang meminta uang atas nama anda. Majikan Anda kemudian dapat melakukan pembayaran secara online dengan menggunakan kartu debit atau kartu kreditnya. Saat pembayaran selesai, Anda akan menerima email yang mengkonfirmasikan jumlah yang telah ditransfer ke akun Anda. Atau Anda juga bisa meminta klien Anda untuk membayar uang ke akun email Anda yang telah Anda gunakan untuk mendaftar ke Paypal. Setelah Anda menerima uang, Anda dapat menariknya ke rekening bank Anda dengan menambahkan Informasi Rekening Bank Anda. Untuk menambahkan rekening bank ke akun Paypal anda klik pada Account Saya 8211gt Profile 8211gt LinkEdit Rekening Bank. Setelah Anda menerima uang ke akun Paypal Anda, maka secara otomatis akan ditransfer ke rekening bank Anda sesuai dengan pedoman RBI. Diperlukan waktu 3-4 hari untuk uang yang akan dikreditkan ke rekening bank Anda. Jika ada liburan di AS atau India. Maka dibutuhkan waktu 2-3 hari lagi. Pekerjaan bank juga tidak bekerja pada akhir pekan sehingga tidak ada transfer yang dilakukan pada hari Sabtu dan Minggu. Saya juga memperhatikan bahwa Bank Swasta di India lebih baik dalam menangani transfer internasional dibandingkan dengan Bank Umum. Anda memerlukan rekening bank dengan kartu debit yang dikeluarkan oleh Visa atau Mastercard untuk menerima pembayaran dari Paypal. Jika Anda tidak memiliki rekening bank, Anda bisa membukanya sekarang di bawah Jan Dhan Yojana. Paypal India Biaya 8211 Panduan RBI Karena Pembayaran Uang Online di India tunduk pada Pedoman RBI. Paypal India memiliki beberapa batasan di tempat. Beberapa di antaranya adalah: Paypal akan mengurangi 4,4 dari jumlah yang Anda terima 0,30 USD per transfer. Jadi jika Anda menerima pembayaran sebesar US 100 dari klien Anda, 4,40 0,30 4,70 akan dikurangkan dan Anda akan menerima 95,3 ke akun Anda. Pemegang rekening PayPal di India tidak dapat menerima pembayaran melebihi 10.000,00 per transaksi. Uang yang diterima tidak dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pembelian online dan harus secara wajib ditarik ke rekening bank Anda sesuai dengan Pedoman RBI. RBI telah mewajibkan penarikan wajib ke rekening bank Anda karena jika pengguna membelanjakannya maka RBI tidak dapat memperoleh informasi apapun tentang transaksi tersebut dan akan mengakibatkan pembuatan uang hitam dan pencucian uang. Mata uang tersebut akan dikonversi dengan kurs pasar yang berlaku dari AS ke Rupee India. Anda mungkin juga dikenai biaya untuk konversi. Beberapa pengguna India di Paypal telah mengeluhkan biaya ini di masa lalu. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan lagi tentang cara mendapatkan pembayaran secara online di India. Hubungi saya atau tinggalkan umpan balik Anda di bagian komentar di bawah ini. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, NIFTY SENSEX telah kehilangan lebih dari 1. Namun, saham mid-cap dan Small Cap telah berkinerja baik. Indeks SampP Small Cap telah dilakukan dengan baik dan menguat dalam 7 tahun terakhir dalam 1 tahun terakhir. Beberapa saham small-cap terbaik telah berlipat ganda dalam satu tahun. Beberapa saham Top Cap kecil telah menguat lebih dari 500 di hanya 1 tahun. Pada artikel ini, saya akan menyediakan beberapa saham utama saham kecil yang telah mendapatkan lebih dari 100 dalam 1 tahun di tahun 2016. Saya juga akan memberikan saham Small Cap terbaik yang memberi hasil luar biasa dari 300 saham. Saham Cap Kecil Terbaik di India yang berlipat ganda di 1 tahun di tahun 2016 Berikut adalah saham topi kecil teratas di India yang berlipat ganda dalam 1 tahun. Harga saham diambil pada tanggal 15 Juni 2016 untuk penyaringan saham papan atas. Mereka memimpin produsen laminasi tekanan tinggi dekoratif dan papan MDF dengan nama merek Vir laminasi yang terkenal. Mereka beroperasi di India dan internasional. Mereka adalah rumah ekspor yang disetujui pemerintah yang memiliki status perdagangan bintang dan berbisnis dengan sekitar 34 negara. Mereka memiliki tiga fasilitas manufaktur laminasi di negara bagian Gujarat dan satu fasilitas manufaktur MDF di Chikmagalur Karnataka. Mereka memiliki rentang desain laminasi eksklusif dalam portofolio kami untuk melayani semua jenis kebutuhan dekorasi. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 571. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 69 pada 12 Juni-2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 465. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 29. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberi keuntungan lebih tinggi dari Rs 1500. DFM Foods Ltd berkecimpung dalam bisnis pembuatan, penjualan dan pemasaran makanan ringan kemasan dan telah menjadi pemimpin di ruang angkasa selama lebih dari 25 tahun. Sebagai pelopor pasar makanan ringan India, DFM Foods memperkenalkan CRAX Corn Rings pada tahun 1984. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 397. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 462 pada 12 Juni-2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 2,298. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 160. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, saham topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 1330. Kelompok Lloyds memulai dengan permulaan sederhana dengan unit fabrikasi pada tahun 1974 dan sesudahnya Berkembang dengan cepat. Pesatnya pertumbuhan tersebut dihasilkan dengan integrasi mundur dan maju dalam perusahaan grup dan menggunakan teknologi modern sehingga menghasilkan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi. Kelompok ini memiliki kepentingan yang beragam dalam pembuatan baja dan rekayasa berat. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 370. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 6 pada 12 Juni 2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 29. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 12. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 140. 4) Dhampur Sugar Mills Dhampur Sugar Mills adalah salah satu perusahaan pengolahan tebu terintegrasi terkemuka di India. Upaya terus-menerus dan sering merintis untuk memanfaatkan potensi penuh dari tebu telah memungkinkan kita untuk memperluas portofolio di luar gula untuk memasukkan daya terbarukan, etanol bahan bakar, alkohol, alkohol ekstra netral, bahan kimia berbasis alkohol dan pupuk hayati. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 300. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 29 pada 12 Juni 2015 dan saat ini diperdagangkan di Rs 117. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 37. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberikan pengembalian Rs 210. 5) Triveni Engineering Solusi manufaktur dan rekayasa konglomerat dengan operasi produksi gula, pembangkit tenaga listrik, penyulingan, perlengkapan industri dan solusi pengolahan air, tombol layanan Triveni Sektor prioritas gula, pembangkit listrik dan pengelolaan air dengan 10 lokasi manufaktur di seluruh India. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 280. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 16 pada 12 Juni 2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 62. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 14. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, saham topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 340. Gayatri Projects Ltd. adalah bagian dari Kelompok Gayatri yang terdiversifikasi yang memiliki kepentingan di bidang infrastruktur, kekuasaan, perhotelan, real estat dan industri. Ini adalah salah satu pemain infrastruktur terkemuka di Indias. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 210. Saham ini diperdagangkan di Rs 202 pada 12 Juni-2015 dan saat ini diperdagangkan di Rs 635. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 70. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, persediaan topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 814. Ruby Mills, yang tergabung dalam tahun 1917 sebagai pabrik tekstil komposit, terutama manufaktur Cottons. Pembuatannya Micro Dot Fusible Interlining amp basic interlining, di Technical Collaboration dengan GYGLI TEXTIL AG, Switzerland. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 206. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 128 pada 12 Juni 2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 390. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 99. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 295. 8) Himatsingka Seide The Himatsingka Group adalah Home Textile yang terintegrasi secara vertikal dengan tapak global. Di bidang manufaktur, Grup beroperasi di antara kapasitas terbesar di dunia untuk memproduksi kain pelapis, kain gorden dan produk sprei. Didirikan pada tahun 1985, Grup Himatsingka berfokus pada pengembangan desain dan produk, proses manufaktur terbaik di kelasnya dan kemampuan rantai pasokan yang efisien untuk memastikan tingkat layanan pelanggan tertinggi di industri ini. Dengan tim yang beranggotakan lebih dari 5000 orang, Grup terus memperluas jangkauan dan membangun kapasitas di ruang Home Textile. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 194. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 77 pada 12 Juni-2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 226. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan dengan harga Rs 33. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberi pengembalian Rs 580. 9) A2Z Infra Engineering A2Z Group adalah perusahaan rekayasa, pengadaan dan konstruksi, yang berkantor pusat di Gurgaon, India. Pendahuluannya adalah pada tahun 2002, dan pada tahun 2011 memiliki lebih dari 31.000 anggota staf. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 190. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 12 pada 12 Juni 2015 dan sekarang diperdagangkan pada Rs 37. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan di Rs 13. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, stok topi kecil ini memberi kembalinya Rs 174. 10) Bannari Amman Sugar Salah satu perusahaan papan atas dalam pembuatan gula. Dalam satu tahun terakhir, harga saham ini telah meningkat sebesar 175. Saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 761 pada 12 Juni-2015 dan saat ini diperdagangkan di Rs 2.095. Jika kita amati, 3 tahun yang lalu, saham ini diperdagangkan pada Rs 825. Berarti dalam 3 tahun terakhir, saham cap kecil ini memberi return Rs 154. Jika Anda menikmati artikel ini, bagikan dengan teman dan kolega Anda melalui Facebook dan Twitter. . Saham Suresh Top Small Cap yang berlipat ganda dalam 1 tahun di tahun 2016 Menemukan Kembali Keajaiban yang India Apa itu India dan apa identitasnya Apakah dia sulit dipahami karena berada di dalam benih Sebuah negara belaka tidak dapat menganggap pesona memikat yang bergantung pada rampingnya. Pergelangan tangan Jadi, bagaimana menghadapi India yang sebenarnya Duduk di reruntuhan, dan lihat prasasti yang diukir di dinding gua, dan dengarkan. Dengarkan para pelihat dan cerita rakyat, ke perairan sungai abadi dan gema dari pegunungan raksasa abadi. Lihatlah personifikasi doa yang diukir dari marmer atau batu, dan berbaring di bawah pohon beringin, dan dengarkan - Dengarkan ke India. India adalah nama yang diberikan ke semenanjung luas yang benua Asia dilemparkan ke selatan dari pegunungan megah yang membentang dengan pedang seperti tikungan di seberang perbatasan selatan Tibet. Bentuknya seperti segiempat yang tidak beraturan, hamparan wilayah yang luas yang kita sebut India ini, layak mendapat nama anak benua. Geografer Kuno menyebut India sebagai konstitusi empat kali lipat (chatuh samasthana samsthitam), di Selatan dan Barat dan Timur adalah Lautan Besar, rentang Himavat membentang di sepanjang utara seperti tali busur. Nama Himavat di bagian di atas tidak hanya mengacu pada rentang pegunungan Himalaya yang dibatasi salju, tetapi juga cabang-cabang yang tidak terlalu tinggi - Bukit Patkai, Lushai dan Chittagong di timur, dan Sulaiman dan Kirthar berkisar di barat. Ini turun ke Laut dan memisahkan India dari lembah berhutan di Irrawady, di satu sisi, dan dataran perbukitan Iran, di sisi lain. Pegunungan Himalaya yang berdiri tegak dalam keindahan menakjubkan bercahaya dalam mitos dan misteri. Rentang pegunungan termuda dan tertinggi ini, memberi makan Gangga dengan salju yang tiada henti. Himalaya adalah rumah bagi orang-orang Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim dan Arunachal Pradesh. Orang India menyukai puncak ini karena mereka adalah bagian dari kehidupan setiap orang India. Orang-orang Indian menghormati pegunungan seperti mereka, sang ayah. Bahkan saat ini, ketika urban India berlomba melawan waktu, di gua-gua puncak berpakaian salju, pertapa yang hidup - mencari yang ilahi. Tidak mengherankan bila Anda menganggap bahwa bahkan abad ini pun telah melihat beberapa filsuf besar seperti Ramana Maharishi, Swami Vivekananda. Ramakrishna Paramhansa dan J. Krishnamurti. Sejarah India - Merayakan Semangat Terkenal Indias Saat raksasa sejarah dunia berguling, banyak peradaban bangkit dan terjatuh dan dilupakan namun semangat India tetap abadi dan tak terkalahkan, tanpa cedera akibat serangan Waktu. Sejarah India mengikuti proses reinvention yang terus berlanjut yang pada akhirnya dapat terbukti sulit dipahami bagi mereka yang ingin memahami karakter dasarnya. Sejarah benua sub yang menakjubkan ini berasal dari lima ribu tahun yang lalu, ketika penghuni Peradaban Lembah Indus telah mengembangkan budaya urban berdasarkan perdagangan dan didukung oleh perdagangan pertanian. Di antara budaya tertua, terkaya dan paling beragam di dunia, etos unik Indias berakar pada keragaman etnis, budaya dan agama. Peta politik India kuno dan abad pertengahan terdiri dari kerajaan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya dengan batas-batas yang berfluktuasi yang membuat negara ini rentan terhadap invasi asing. Orang-orang Aria adalah orang pertama yang menyerang negara ini. Mereka keluar dari Utara sekitar 1500 SM dan membawa serta tradisi budaya yang kuat. Persia, orang Yunani, perantau China, orang Arab, Portugis, Inggris dan banyak lainnya - daftar penyerang yang memerintah India sudah lama. Namun, tidak ada yang bisa menghancurkan jiwa Bharatvarsha yang tak kenal lelah. Ini adalah catatan singkat tentang Sejarah India, yang berusaha untuk mengartikulasikan keajaiban abadi bangsa yang menakjubkan itu - dalam kata-kata penulis Amerika Mark Twain - semua pria rindu untuk melihat, dan memiliki Melihatnya sekali, tidak akan menyerah sekilas untuk semua keajaiban dunia. Indias peradaban besar pertama berkembang sekitar 2500 SM di lembah sungai Indus. Peradaban ini, yang berlangsung selama 1000 tahun, dan dikenal sebagai budaya Harappan, nampaknya merupakan puncak dari ribuan tahun pemukiman. Dari sekitar tahun 1500 SM dan seterusnya, suku Arya dari Afghanistan dan Asia Tengah mulai menyaring ke India barat laut. Akhirnya suku-suku ini mampu mengendalikan seluruh India Utara, dan banyak penduduk asli, orang-orang Dravida, didorong ke India selatan. Abad ke-7 SM Ketika suku-suku Arya menyebar melintasi dataran Gangga, pada abad ketujuh SM, banyak di antara mereka dikelompokkan menjadi 16 kerajaan besar. Abad ke-5 SM Secara bertahap, ini digabungkan menjadi empat negara besar, dengan Kosala dan Magadha muncul menjadi yang paling kuat selama abad kelima SM. India Utara, bagaimanapun, didominasi oleh dinasti Nanda sekitar tahun 364 SM. Mauryas adalah dinasti penguasa pertama yang menguasai sebagian besar India Utara dan beberapa bagian India Selatan, sebagai satu unit teritorial. Didirikan oleh Chandragupta Maurya dengan bimbingan Kautilya, penulis risalah terkenal - Arthshastra - kekaisaran mencapai puncaknya di bawah Asoka. Dia meninggalkan pilar dan dekrit yang diukir dengan batu, yang menggambarkan rentang wilayahnya yang luas yang menutupi area besar anak benua India. Mengikuti kemunduran Kekaisaran Maurya. Sejumlah kerajaan kuat muncul di India tengah dan selatan, di antaranya Satavahanas, Kalingas dan Vakatakas menjadi prioritas. Kemudian daerah-daerah ini melihat munculnya beberapa dinasti terbesar di India Selatan dalam bentuk Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Chalukyas dan Pallavas. Dinasti berikutnya patut disebutkan adalah bahwa dari Guptas. Meskipun Kekaisaran Gupta tidak sebesar Kekaisaran Maurya, namun membuat India Utara bersatu secara politis selama lebih dari satu abad dari tahun 335 sampai 455 M. Lebih lanjut. India Abad Pertengahan Penurunan Guptas di India Utara, dan akibat kenaikan sejumlah besar kekuatan regional yang besar namun tidak efektif membuat situasi politik sangat lancar dan tidak stabil pada abad kesembilan Masehi. Ini membuka jalan bagi invasi Muslim ke India pada awal setengah abad kesebelas. Ini dirasakan dalam bentuk 17 serangan berturut-turut ke India Utara, dibuat oleh Mahmud dari Ghazni antara tahun 1001 dan 1025. Penggerebekan ini secara efektif menghancurkan keseimbangan kekuasaan di India Utara. Penguasa Muslim berikutnya untuk menyerang India Mohammad Ghauri menyerang India dan setelah beberapa perlawanan sia-sia oleh pimpinan lokal, dia mendirikan sebuah kerajaan asing di India. Di bawahnya, sebagian besar India berada di bawah pemerintahan Muslim dan segera penggantinya Qutub-ud-din Aibak menjadi yang pertama dari sultan Delhi. Dia diikuti oleh peraturan Khaljis dan Tughlaq. Juga dikenal sebagai Kesultanan Delhi, yang menguasai sebagian besar India Utara dan sebagian India Selatan sampai kedatangan Lodis dan Sayyid. Lebih. Periode Mughal Mengalahkan Lodis dan Sayyid, Mughal didirikan, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai era Sejarah India yang paling semarak. Penguasa paling terkemuka dari dinasti Mughal Babur Humayun Akbar Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Kekaisaran Mughal sangat besar, meliputi, pada puncaknya, hampir seluruh benua India. Kaisar Mughal memimpin zaman keemasan seni dan sastra dan memiliki gairah untuk bangunan, yang menghasilkan beberapa arsitektur terbesar di India, seperti Taj Mahal di Agra. Ini terpisah, sejumlah besar benteng, istana, gerbang, bangunan, masjid, kebun baolis (sumur air atau sumur), dan lain-lain, membentuk warisan budaya Mughal di India. Mughal juga berperan dalam membangun salah satu setup administrasi paling efisien di India. Kemunduran Mughal melihat kemunculan Marathas di India Barat. Di bagian lain India, bagaimanapun, sebuah tren baru invasi asing di bawah pakaian hubungan komersial telah dimulai dari abad ke-15 M dan seterusnya - pertama, dengan kedatangan dan pengambilalihan Goa secara bertahap oleh Portugis yang dipimpin oleh Vasco da Gama - antara 1498 Dan 1510 M lalu dengan kedatangan, dan pendirian pos perdagangan pertama di Surat, di Gujarat, oleh East India Company. Orang Denmark dan Belanda juga memiliki pos perdagangan, dan pada tahun 1672 M, Prancis mendirikan Pondicherry, sebuah daerah kantong yang mereka pegang bahkan setelah Inggris telah pergi. Lebih. Inggris yang diwakili oleh East India Company mendirikan kontrol komersial mereka atas wilayah yang luas di India, yang segera memiliki dimensi administratif untuk itu. Namun, peraturan Inggris di India diformalkan oleh pengambilalihan langsung India oleh Crown Inggris, setelah Perang Kemerdekaan Pertama pada tahun 1857. Sejarah Raj adalah perjuangan konstan antara kaum nasionalis - yang mengasumsikan nama, ideologi, Latar belakang dan metode - dan kebijakan Inggris dan represif mereka. Orang-orang dari panjang dan luasnya India mengikuti jalur yang ditetapkan oleh Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Dimana kebenaran dan ahimsa atau non-kekerasan diadakan paling tinggi. Penguatan visi ini adalah inteligensia yang baru muncul. Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Bankim Chandra. Rabindranath Tagore. Subramanya Bharathi dan Abul Kalam Azad adalah beberapa dari mereka yang antusias orang melalui tulisan dan nyanyian jiwa mereka untuk menjangkau nasionalisme. Indias saat kemuliaan akhirnya tiba pada tengah malam 15 Agustus 1947. Orang-orang, mengigau dengan sukacita, membanjiri jalan untuk menyambut fajar era baru. Dan di dalam Assembly Hall, Jawaharlal Nehru bangkit untuk membuat tariannya yang terkenal dengan ucapan takdir. Menjelang dini hari, saat awan mengirimkan gerimis ringan untuk mengakui kebangkitan, India merdeka dapat berubah dari masyarakat kolonial menjadi pemerintahan liberal. Jawaharlal Nehru menjadi independen Indias Perdana Menteri pertama dan Rajendra Prasad Presiden pertama negara tersebut. Konstitusi India disusun dalam hitungan empat tahun. Ini berusaha untuk mengasimilasi berbagai daerah linguistik dan komunitas religius India menjadi Negara Bangsa yang kohesif sementara, pada saat yang sama, memberikan otonomi substansial ke berbagai negara di Uni India. Bapak pendiri, di bawah kepemimpinan B R Ambedkar, berbasis pemerintahan negara atas pilihan bebas warganya. Legislatif, Eksekutif dan Kehakiman mulai berfungsi lama sebelum sistem semacam itu diakui oleh pemikir internasional. India memulai perencanaan dan mulai menangani isu-isu seperti reformasi pertanahan, perbaikan teknik pemasaran pertanian dan fasilitas irigasi. Mengurangi ketergantungan pada musim hujan yang berubah-ubah menjadi prioritas utama karena sebagian besar pertanian di India diberi makan hujan. Semua ini diperlukan, selain perencanaan, banyak riset. Beralih ke penelitian dan pengembangan ilmiah, India meningkatkan produksi pertaniannya menjadi tingkat pertumbuhan yang konsisten tiga persen per tahun. India setelah kemerdekaan India mulai membangun landasan ilmiah untuk semua programnya, entah itu penelitian pertanian, penelitian ilmiah murni atau desain produk untuk para pengrajin. Jika C. V. Raman. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar dan Hargobind Khorana adalah penerima Hadiah Nobel, ada juga yang memiliki kemampuan setara seperti Homi Bhabha, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Meghnad Saha Kothari, Krishnan, Vikram Sarabhai dan Pal yang memusatkan energi mereka untuk menciptakan lingkungan dan infrastruktur. Untuk kegiatan akademik dan pengembangan lebih lanjut. Revolusi Hijau tahun enam puluhan dan Revolusi Putih tahun tujuh puluhan membawa hasil menakjubkan dalam pertanian dan pertanian sapi perah. Dengan ekonomi terbesar kesembilan di dunia oleh PDB dan yang terbesar ketiga dengan paritas daya beli (purchasing power parity / PPP), India adalah ekonomi dengan pertumbuhan tercepat kedua di dunia setelah China. Dari infrastruktur kelas dunia, kota-kota besar, pusat ekonomi, bandara modern, multipleks yang megah, pusat ritel yang berkembang, hotel mewah, hingga teknologi pengetahuan dan teknologi informasi, negara ini memiliki segalanya untuk mengilustrasikan langkahnya yang cepat pada lintasan modernisasi dan pembangunan holistik yang cepat. Saat ini, negara ini berbaris dengan bangga sebagai negara terbesar kedua di Asia dan negara berpenduduk terbesar dan ketujuh terbesar di Bumi. India terdiri dari sepertiga Asia dan mendukung ketujuh dari kemanusiaan. Ini telah diakui sebagai demokrasi terbesar di dunia, dan kekuatan global yang muncul. Lebih. Geografi. Lokasi amp Topografi Terletak di bagian Selatan Asia, India terletak antara 84 dan 376 N Latitude dan 687 dan 9725 E Bujur. Negara terbesar ketujuh di dunia ini tersebar di area seluas 3.166.414 km persegi. Termasuk Pulau Lakshadweep di Laut Arab dan Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar di Teluk Benggala. India dibatasi oleh Laut Arab di barat dan barat daya dan Teluk Benggala di timur dan selatan timur dan pegunungan Himalaya berbatasan dengan negara di utara. India berbagi perbatasan teritorialnya dengan Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan dan Bangladesh. India diberkati dengan topografi yang beragam dari pegunungan ke dataran tinggi, dataran tinggi, padang pasir, pantai dan pulau-pulau. Tropic of Cancer membagi negara menjadi dua bagian yang sama di bagian Utara dan Selatan, dan Pegunungan Vindhya terputus di seluruh negeri, dari Barat ke Timur. Himalaya, yang membentuk batas Utara negara ini, terdiri dari tiga seri paralel pegunungan: Himadri, Himachal dan Shivaliks. India juga beruntung memiliki lahan subur yang luas, yang terdiri dari tanah aluvial yang terbawa dalam bentuk lumpur halus oleh sungai-sungai besar. Berbaring di selatan Himalaya, Dataran Besar Utara Besar ini terdiri dari cekungan Indus, cekungan Ganga-Brahmaputra, dan anak sungai dari sistem sungai yang hebat ini. Di sebelah selatan Great Plains of India Utara terletak Dataran Tinggi Tertinggi di Semenanjung India, yang terbagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu Dataran Tinggi Malwa, Dataran Tinggi Chota Nagpur dan Dataran Tinggi Deccan. Dataran tinggi Malwa dibatasi oleh perbukitan Aravalli dan Vindhyas membentuk bagian utara semenanjung ini. Lembah Sungai Narmada membentuk batas Selatan dataran tinggi ini. Chota Nagpur Plateau lies in the Eastern part of the peninsular and is the richest minerals producing region of India. The Deccan Plateau extends from the Satpura hills in the north to Kanyakumari in South. Towards the west of the Deccan Plateau lie the Western Ghats that comprise of the Sahyadri, the Nilgiri, the Annamalai and the Cardamom Hills. On the eastern side, this plateau merges into a layer of discontinuous low hills known as the Mahendra Giri hills, which comprise of the Eastern Ghats. Narrow coastal plains along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal flank the Deccan Plateau on its eastern and western sides, respectively. The Western coastal plains lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, further split into the Northern Konkan Coast and the Southern Malabar Coast. The Eastern coastal plains, on the other hand lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal and like the Western plains are divided into two parts - the Coromandel Coast as the Southern part and the Northern Circars as the Northern part. Towards the Western half of India lies a vast stretch of land that is divided by the Aravalli Mountains into two separate units. The area to the west of the Aravalli comprises of the Thar Desert - made up of sand and interrupted by rocky hills and waterless valleys. This arid land extends deep into Pakistan. The state of Gujarat lies to the east of this range and is one of the most prosperous regions in India. India is a vast country in the Southern portion of Asia which is bound by Indian Ocean on its south, Arabian Sea on its west and Bay of Bengal on its east and borders Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Bangladesh on its north, northwest, northeast and east. Physical India maps can serve as effective tools for understanding the geophysical and topological features of the Indian sub-continent. An India outline map clearly defines the geopolitical outline of the country and India political map can help better understand the political boundaries and sub-divisions of the country for all practical purposes. In the physical map of India, earthquake prone regions (high risk) can be located as Himalayan region, parts of North Indian plains and parts of Gujarat. India has also witnessed some of the devastating earthquakes in these regions. India is an immense country with more than a billion population. India road map is an excellent tool for understanding the Indian transportation network, which includes an immense road network, covering almost whole of the sub-continent. However, Indian rail network and air travel network have emerged as virtual engines of economic growth in the modern times even while falling behind the road network in terms of geographical reach. Culture of India India, known for unity in diversity, offers an awesome, creative burst of culture - a potpourri of religions, races and languages. The roots of Indian culture and civilization can be traced back to more than 5,000 years ago with an unbroken continuity of traditions, customs and world-renowned schools of philosophy. Amongst the worlds oldest, richest and most diverse cultures, India represents an amazing confluence of different creeds, religions, faiths and belief systems, further divided among castes, sects and sub-sects. For times immemorial, India has remained a meeting ground between the East and the West, a treasure house of knowledge and wisdom. The Vedic culture and Vedic way of life have struck deep roots in India and are followed by people even today. Apart from the Vedas, other important scriptures composed during Vedic times include the Upanishadas (enlightening commentaries on the Vedas), the shrutis and the smritis (storehouses of heard and remembered erudition and learning). India believes in Sarva dharma samabhava, which means respect for all belief systems. This has allowed not just tolerance towards religions and beliefs, but the freedom to propound ones ideas and philosophies. After assimilating and nurturing an incredible diversity of people and cultures for millennia, India culture remains an object of fascination for people the world over. The objects of ethnic interest like unique Indian dresses, delectable Indian food recipes, sonorous Indian music and exotic Indian names evoke global interest on a continuous basis. Lebih. Religion In India, religion is not simply a belief system but a journey of self exploration. All the major religions of the world like Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity including their sects, are found and practised in India with complete freedom. Religions have co-existed and evolved together for many centuries in the country and are very central to the lives of the people, who have a remarkable openness to even foreign religions. Judaism was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in India about 2500 years ago Islam was spread across over a period of 700 years Zoroastrianism arrived from Iran during the 8th or 10th century while the colonial rule introduced the country to Christianity. Lord Buddha was born in India and it is from the shores of this land that Buddhism was disseminated to Sri Lanka and to Tibet. As the gods and goddesses in their myriad forms were worshipped with elaborate rituals in the country, there appeared in the 15 century a reformer who enjoined a simpler form of worship, shorn of rituals. He was Guru Nanak Dev, whose teachings and those of the nine gurus who followed later are collected in the holy book of the Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib. Christians are equally at home in India. Christian saints came to India many centuries ago and preached the doctrine of Christianity. It is believed that St Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Christ, came to India in the first century AD, and spent the rest of his life in India preaching. His tomb, St Thomas Mount in Chennai, Tamil Nadu has become a place of pilgrimage for Christians in India. The Spanish Catholic missionary, St Francis Xavier, also spent the greater part of his life in Goa. His body, in a glass casket, has been kept in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Panjim, Goa. Every ten years, his relics are exposed to the public, and people from all over the world throng Goa to receive the benediction. Lebih. Festivals The tradition of celebrating festivals goes back to the Vedic period. The scriptures and works of literature of this era are replete with references to festivals. These were the celebrations in honour of gods, rivers, trees, mountains, and seasons like spring, and monsoon. These were the times for prayers and meditation, and also for spectacle and procession - occasions to express pure joy with performances comprising music, dance and drama, and conducting fairs. The Constitution of India has guaranteed the freedom of worship and way of life to all its citizens. This has ensured the rich kaleidoscope of festivals that are celebrated throughout the country. Lebih. Diwali The most colourful of all the festival is Deepawali or Diwali, the festival of lights. Rama, the central figure in the epic Ramayana, went into exile for 14 years, accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshman. During their wanderings in the forests, Ravana, the king of Lanka, carried Sita away. It was only after an epic battle that Rama vanquished Ravana, rescued Sita and returned home. The journey from Lanka in the south to Ayodhya in the north took 20 days. His triumphal return brought great joy to his people who illuminated the whole city to celebrate the occasion. This tradition continues to this day as houses and cities throughout India are lit up every year (traditionally with small earthenware cups or diyas filled with oil) to commemorate the anniversary. Deepawali signifies the triumph of good over evil and light over darkness. Lebih. Dussehra The battle between Ravana and Rama and the latters victory are celebrated as Dussehra in many parts of India, 20 days before Deepawali. Dussehra is the day when the effigies of Ravana, his brothers Meghnath and Kumbhakaran, are burnt. It is preceded by enactment of the story of the Ramayana by amateur groups of people in what is known as Ram Lila where all-night performances of the Ramayana from the beginning to the end are enacted the actors are mainly young boys who perform the role of male as well as female characters. Lebih. Durga Pooja and Ganesh Chaturthi In Bengal, the worship of the Goddess Durga precedes Deepawali. While Goddess Durga is worshipped with great devotion in West Bengal, Lord Ganesha - acknowledged as the remover of obstacles - is the central figure in the celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi in Maharashtra. characters. Janmashtami Lord Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, is the divine core in the epic Mahabharata. It was he who gave the sermon of the Bhagwat Gita (the song Celestial) to Arjuna, one of the five Pandava brothers during their battle with the Kauravas at Kurukshetra. This battle again epitomises the fight between the forces of evil and good. Lord Krishna is venerated all over India and there are temples dedicated to him specifically but in particular, his home ground of Vrindavan and Mathura where he lived as a boy and revealed his divinity by the miracles he wrought. More. Guru Nanak Jayanti and Baisakhi The birth anniversaries of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last of Gurus, are very important days and are celebrated with religious fervour and devotion. Processions are taken out, the scriptures are chanted, without a break, and the Gurudwaras (Sikh temples) are illuminated. The Indian calendar, as opposed to the Gregorian, starts in April. New Years Day is April 13, celebrated as Baisakhi, which coincides with the harvesting of the wheat crop in Northern India, especially in Punjab. People wear new clothes, sing and dance in joy. In Eastern India, the New Year begins on April 14 and again it is a joyous occasion with singing and dancing by young men and women who don their best silken mekhalas (sarongs) and chaddars (an overwrap) and dance to the beat of the drum. This festival is known as Rangali Bihu in Assam. Holi Then there is Holi, the festivals of colours when men, women and children drench one another with coloured water to celebrate the beauty of spring season, when flowers bloom and deck the earth. Lebih. The festival of Eid is celebrated at the end of a month-long fasting. Christmas, commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ, transcends the barriers of faith to become an occasion for celebration of joy across the country. There are also numerous glittering fairs held in the country. The gem in the crown is, of course, the Kumbha Mela held at Haridwar, Prayag (Allahabad), Nashik and Ujjain. Pushkar Fair and Urs at Ajmer are some other famous examples. So are the Nauchandi mela, held on the second Sunday after Holi in Meerut and Sonepur Cattle Fair - Asias biggest cattle fair, held on Kartik Poornima in Bihars Sonepur, on the confluence of river Ganges and Gandak. Languages Throughout history, Indian languages and literature have exercised a great deal of influence on other great civilizations and intellectual development of the world at large. To know the real India, languages of different regions must be acquainted with, which can afford a great deal of information on India culture, traditions, history and folklore. Although Hindi and English are the major languages in India, there are 22 official languages and countless other dialects. Apart from producing numerous masterpieces of literature, India has taken rapid strides for promoting all branches of education. Right from ancient times, India has enjoyed the unquestioned reputation of being the centre of excellence in education. In the past, the Takshila University flourished in the northwest and Nalanda University in the east of India. The tradition of quality education is carried forward by modern Indian universities such as Delhi University (DU), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) Jamia Millia University, Allahabad University, Visva-Bharati University and Vanasthali Vidya Peeth, to name a few. Lebih. Spiritual India The spirit of India has fascinated the world with its very mystique. Spiritual India, rich in holy places, traditions and beliefs, offers much for those seeking knowledge and awareness of the inner world. Indians engage themselves in spiritual pursuits to strike a balance between the needs of the body and of the soul. India has always been a votary of peace and non-violence as exemplified by the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira, Guru Nanak of Mahatma Gandhi in the recent past. In India, spirituality is part of everyday life. While religion is more about rituals, spirituality is more to do with ones self, or the spirit. To understand Indian spirituality, it is essential to understand the basic tenets of Hinduism. A rich, complex and deeply symbolic religion, Hinduism is called Sanatana Dharma or the eternal truth, tradition or religion. It is the worlds oldest religion or rather a way of life. Arts (Handicrafts, Paintings, Music, Dances, Cuisine, Films) The birthplace of great epics Mahabharata and Ramayana India has a veritable wealth of literature including the fascinating stories of the Panchtantra Raghuvamsha, Shakuntala, Meghaduuta, written by Klidsa Pinis Ashtadhyayi which standardised the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit Chanakyas Arthashastra ( a treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy) and Vatsyayanas magnum opus on the art of love-making - Kamasutra. Geeta Govinda by Jayadeva and the famous Akbar-Birbal stories . Lord Krishna love for Radha has been the inspiration for miniature painters of the Kangra or Pahari school of Painting, as also for the elaborate style of painting embellished with gold, known as the Tanjore styles from South India. In ancient India, kitchen was considered like a place of worship where the fire God resided and nourished the whole family. The exotic Indian cuisine has never failed to attract natives as well as foreigners, perhaps for the reason that India has an unending variety of Indian recipes known for their unique flavour. Contrary to the popular perception, in traditional India, girls were placed under the guidance of learned Gurus, where, along with various s, they were also made to learn and practise varied forms of Indian music and dance to develop their artistic skills. Especially after marriage, Indian women were supposed to wear intricate Indian jewellery, which is considered an auspicious symbol for their marital happiness. Before Independence, many village crafts languished as the British implemented the policy of lop-sided industrialisation. Post-Independence, there is a definite revival in general of traditions and of craft traditions, in particular. Crafts are an intrinsic part of the religious and ritual traditions as craftsmen often worked for the temples and for providing the appurtenances necessary for worship. In the modern context, India occupies a special place as the home to Bollywood, one of the largest film industries around the world which represents a unique cultural identity of the nation. Indian movies have been making waves across the world, besides doing well within the country. An expansion of commercial cinema and a number of cross-over Indian movies have created a global craze for Indian actors and superstars. The emergence of a whole new generation of Indian models in the India fashion industry has also made a great impact on the global media. Indian talents have showcased their potential by winning a number of international beauty pageants. Governance India, the worlds largest democracy, has made tremendous strides in economic and social development in the past two decades. The country aims to become a higher middle-income country by 2025 and that calls for even faster growth in the years to come. With new government in place this year, India currently stands at the threshold of a unique opportunity regarding governance reforms. Governance is central to equitable socio-economic progress and political legitimacy. Good governance runs on four wheels: a representative and accountable government a political system that derives legitimacy from participatory democracy durable and solid institutions and equitable socio-economic growth . Governance in India has always been a critical issue for the governments since independence. Neither the soviet style socialist path nor the free-market western capitalist economy appeared the best answer for the country. It strives to craft a unique blend of its own socio-economic policies that would leverage its unique strengths and catapult it to centre-stage of the global economy. In order to achieve this goal, Prime Minister Narenda Modi has given the slogan, minimum government, maximum governance. Government service delivery system in India remains chaotic and a lot needs to be done in this regard. Government machineries at all level need to be strengthened. But mindset is changing as the government at the Centre has made it clear not only to its own wings but even to States that this chaos has to go with better use of information and communication technology. Some of the organisations have successfully transformed their way of functioning and service delivery system with the help of modern technology. The quality and effectiveness of service delivery today is directly linked to good governance practices and use of modern technology, especially ICT. It is widely accepted that governance should be citizen-centric and we need alertness and responsiveness in every aspect of governance. Modern technology is increasingly in demand at the government departments and organisations across the country, either due to the increasing pressure from the public or on the initiatives of bureaucrats and elected representatives. Corruption and sustainable economic development are key problems in India. But, as a vibrant democracy, India has a distinct advantage as it has an accountable government that is subject to transparent surveillance on multiple fronts, democratically elected legislatures, an independent judiciary and evolving regulatory watchdogs. That is Indias inherent strength. The Right to Information Bill was passed in 2005 in an effort to improve governance and public administration and eliminate corruption. This Act widely known as RTI accords all citizens greater access to public documents than was earlier possible. Further, corruption investigations have increased significantly in many states and generally, there is fear among corrupt and powerful with regard to law. Devolution of power aimed at better governance With amendments in Constitutions through the 73rd and 74th Amendments, powers were transferred to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Local Bodies. By transferring functions, fund and functionaries (3Fs), efforts are being made to transform the lives of people. Increased financial autonomy was supposed to be the game changer but we are still far behind from our cherished goals. Administration at various levels is still weak and the poor still suffer the most. Accountability, access to information, political will for real devolution of powers at all levels would only make the desired change and would lead to good governance. Prime Minister Narendra Modi says, one of the biggest benefits of good governance is that it does not look at welfare of any particular section of the people it results in welfare of all. For example, if you improve water supply, everyone benefits. Modi government has thus adopted the mantra of inclusive development Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas E-governance has a major role to play in the efforts to establish good governance. Technology and innovation are the backbone of governance. Technology also plays a large role in creating and maintaining transparency. Reducing public expenditure is yet another critical area. The government spends huge amount wages, pensions, interest payments, and agricultural subsidies and social sector schemes . Good governance calls for drastic reduction in wasteful public expenditure. Rational and inclusive growth oriented expenditure would lead us to a higher stage of advancement. A long-established legal system has given India the underpinnings necessary for free enterprise to flourish. Although Indias courts are notoriously inefficient, they at least comprise a functioning independent judiciary. Property rights are not fully secure, but the rule of law generally prevails. High and inclusive growth is entwined with good governance and the Modi government is making efforts to take to it to the next level. the Union human resource development ministry wants to celebrate December 25 as good governance day . as on this day fall the birthdays of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Hindu Mahasabha leader Madan Mohan Malviya . Good leadership is the basic ingredient of governance. Quality leadership must be available at every level. Modi says, The government cannot run merely on dreams. The government must be policy-driven. If governance is policy driven, those who have to execute those policies will be clear in their mind as to their functions, and responsibility and accountability will follow. When decisions are taken, the nation moves forward. India amp the West Indias diplomatic and strategic engagement with the Western countries has gone through radical changes in recent times. India maintains solid bilateral relations with the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Russia. Indias claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . as well as more responsibility in institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank is much dependent on good relation with the developed West. The country is maintaining a balance with regard to bilateral relations with the United States and Russia. Prime Minister Narendra Modis historical visit to the US resulted in strengthening of trade and strategic tie-up between the two countries. US President Barack Obama was invited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the chief guest at Indias Republic Day parade on 26 January 2015 . He became the first US President to get that honour and also the first one to visit India twice while in office. While moving closure to the US, India never undermined its old and trusted friend Russia and recently it warmly welcomed Russian President Vladimir Putin . India and Russia signed agreements in oil exploration, infrastructure, defence and nuclear energy including construction of 12 Russian-built nuclear units in India over the next two decades. India is the worlds largest democracy. It is a nuclear weapons power and has joined the elite space club. India would be the third largest economy in the world by 2050 and a middle income country by 2025. It has already become the second largest market in the world. The appurtenances of democracy - adult suffrage, a free media, an independent judiciary, the rule of law, the sanctity of property rights - are essential for inclusive growth which in turn strengthens democratic institutions. Borrowed from British model of Parliamentary democracy, India has adopted best practices from every one. It is a republic where Constitution is supreme. Elected legislature, executive, independent Judiciary and free media are four pillars of our democracy . Democracy has given Indians an institutional framework for the exercise of political choice and freedom to express dissent. This has acted as an indispensable safety valve in an inequitable milieu with great discrepancies in the distribution of power and wealth. Democracy has given the weakest and the poorest a stake in the system. The Indian electorate now numbers more than 800 million, making Indian elections the largest organised single political activity even in human history. Democracy has proved to be the most effective instrument for the cherished pursuit of power The Indian Judicial System is one of the oldest legal systems in the world today. It is part of the inheritance India received from the British after more than 200 years of their Colonial rule, and the same is obvious from the many similarities the Indian legal system shares with the English Legal System. The frame work of the current legal system has been laid down by the Indian Constitution and the judicial system derives its powers from it. Now a debate on the need to repeal obsolete laws has been set in motion in India with the government appointing a committee to look into the matter. The Law Commission of India under the aegis of the Ministry of Law amp Justice in India is responsible for introducing India law reforms and implementation. The first Law Commission of Independent India was constituted in 1955 by the Government of India for democratic Indian law reforms in accordance with the directives laid down by the Constitution of India. The primary objective behind setting up of the Law Commission was to introduce suitable changes in pre-Constitution laws recognized by the Constitution of India under article 372, as and when required. More. India of my dreams For many, India of their dreams is a place for equal opportunities, where all the talented people are given equal opportunities for growth irrespective of their caste, gender and economic and social status. India is witnessing a jobless growth even while it is very young country with regard to workforce. One hopes that one day every youth of the country will get a job and employability would be achieved through large-scale skill development programmes. Women safety and empowerment is yet another dream. Lessening of economic disparity across various social strata in the country is another cherished goal. While friendly ties with India and Pakistan as well as with India and other countries in the world become the priority for a majority, an improvement in living standards is the concern of all those who are Below Poverty Line at present. In India, democracy can be actualised in the true sense of the term if Indian politics can do away with casteism, vote bank politics, nepotism and criminalisation. For many, this is the India of their dreams. Honest, politically free and committed bureaucracy is a dream of many, especially who are into social activism, whereas quick justice and judicial activism are seen as an end and not as means by many towards the India of my dreams. Defence Indian Defence capability is ranked 4th in the world with the 2nd largest army at its command. The President of India himself serves as the Supreme Commander of Indian Armed Forces composed of Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force . In India, defence forces have grown from strength to strength after every major armed conflict and military operation in the past 60 years. In the current geopolitical context, India is faced with a complex array of internal as well as external security threats and the Indian Armed Forces are well-equipped to deal with them. India spends huge amount to enhance its military capabilities. Defence minister Manohar Parrikar recently told Parliament that the total expenditure on direct payments to foreign vendors for capital acquisitions for the Army, Navy and IAF during the last five years stood at Rs 1,03,535 crore (16.72 billion). India is the worlds largest arms importer due to a stagnant defence-industrial base (DIB), which forces the armed forces to acquire 65 per cent of their requirements from abroad. The Modi government has enhanced Foreign Direct Investment in defence sector from 26 per cent to 49 per cent and the move aims at increasing domestic production and less dependence on imports. However, defence sector needs structural reforms to increase domestic production. Elections Fair and free elections are the backbone of our democracy. From Lok Sabha to local bodies, elections have become a part of our life and a strong tool for empowerment. But Lok Sabha elections 2014 was different from the previous ones in more that one ways. After a very long period (over 30 years) a single party got majority on its own. The elections were personality centric. Seasoned journalist Rajdeep Sardesais book 2014: The Election that Changed India provides a perspective into how elections in India are now much more complex than the conventional tussle of ballots. The elections 2014, including some Assembly elections in states like Maharashtra and Haryana marked the unprecedented shift in poll campaign strategy and the role played by the Media amp PR Network. Indeed this time, the Congress Party lost the election before it entered the electoral fray and the Modi as factor emerged there to establish a new identity. The elections clearly manifested that youth was no longer ready to digest the blunders done by the previous UPA regimes. More. Politics If politics decides your future, decide what your future politics should be, goes the proverbial importance of politics. In India, Bharatiya Janata Party finally swept the entire India in its wave. The wave of hope had consumed everyone, and rightly so. States that were conventionally not the seat of power for BJP came under the umbrella with the hope of acche din. Modi assumed the mantle of power and right now, as things seem, we are seeing a rather unconventional mode of politics and governance. The year 2014 was something that triggered a series of changes in India and the trickle effect will possibly cover the entire 2015 to settle down and give a final picture. A changed political landscape would result in two important aspects in times to come. Indian politics was, since independence, dominated by vote banks politics based on religion, caste and other class factors and forces. Now development has become the catch word and youth want change, jobs not debate over Babri Mosque or any divisive issues. Smart politicians have realised the change mind set of the youth and the graffiti is on the wall Indian Economy With the new government taking over this year, India seems to be back on course to getting back to the growth rates seen earlier in the best years. The international sentiment is very bullish on India and that confidence is reflected with India receiving in excess of US 15 billion in FII till the mid of November 2014. The Sensex has crossed record levels of 28,000 offering the best YTD Returns of 33.2, after touching lows of 17,000 in September 2013 and is expected to rise even further by the end of the current fiscal. By any standard, this is indeed a smart recovery. In fact, India has been the star amongst BRICS nations in the recovery period, post the global slowdown. With the new government demonstrating serious intent in reforming the economy by initiating steps towards reforms in land acquisition laws, labour laws, introducing GST, increasing FDI in Insurance, Railways, Construction, Infrastructure and Defence. Sensitive issues like deregulation of diesel have been initiated, while the coal and mining sector is being given an impetus through fresh auctions. Policies pertaining to clearances from the Environment and Forests are being revised to ensure faster clearances of projects. The fall in global commodity prices, especially crude oil has helped India improve its Balance of Payments situation. The domestic financial investors have also shown marked improvement in sentiment with mutual funds that were net sellers in the last couple of years having turned net buyers this year. Mutual funds alone have pumped in 25,000 crore in equities this year. The Indian economy showed itself to be more robust than most of the other BRICS nations through the difficult years from 2010-2013. From 2000-2014, the economy saw its lowest GDP growth rate of 4.15 (2000-2001), 3.88 (2002-2003), 4.47 (2012-2013) and 4.74 (2013-2014). The best years saw growth rates touch 9.48 (2005-2006) and 9.57 (2006-2007). The economy has begun to recover and is expected to post growth rate above 5 for the current period of 2014-2015) and the economy is expected to continue to increase the pace of growth through 2017. However, the industrial growth rates have shown a different trend. The highest growth rate of 12.17 was witnessed in 2006-2007, followed by 9.81 in 2004-2005 and 9.72 in 2005-2006. During the recession years, the industrial growth rate plummeted to 0.96 in 2012-2013 and 0.35 in 2013-2014. The industrial growth rate has been slow to post a recovery but current signs confirm that 2014-2015 will be better than the previous two years. The agriculture and allied sectors have been erratic in growth rates and the period in question has not shown consistent growth or decline, in fact there have been sharp growth and decline in respective years. The year 2000-2001 saw a negative growth rate of -0.01, while 2001-2002 showed robust recovery at 6.01, however 2002-2003 again saw a sharp decline at -6.60. The very next year 2003-2004 saw the best year posting 9.05 growth rate. Similarly, 2012-2013 saw growth rate dip to 1.42, while 2013-2014 saw a recovery at 4.71. Agriculture and allied sectors have seen increasing interest from corporates who now see a growth opportunity in the sector, with the government adopting a more open policy to private sector investment in modernizing the sector. With modernization and increased credit flow to the sector, growth rates are likely to continue to improve in the next few years. One sector which has been consistently growing at a rapid pace is the services sector. India has rapidly grown in the services sector that has seen substantial investment in financial services, insurance, IT amp business process outsourcing and backend support. India is also witnessing rising investment in health services, clinical and pharmaceutical research, education and skill development. The share of the services sector in the overall economy continues to remain high. The best years witnessed 10.91 (2005-2006), 10.06 (2006-2007) and 10.27 (2007-2008) growth rates. On the fiscal side, the Gross Domestic Savings touched its highest level in 2007-2008 at 36.82 of GDP and the same has been steadily declining till 2012-2013 when it touched 30.09. 2013-2014 showed a marginal improvement at 30.50. The combined fiscal deficit (centre and state) had its best year in 2007-2008 when it reached -0.40 but has been rising ever since. However, with the RBI adopting measures to curb the deficit, 2013-2014, the deficit stood at -6.7. The inflation WPI (average) touched its highest point in 2009-2010 at 9.6 but has since been kept in check with the same being brought down to 5.9 in 2013-2014. The CPI (average) touched its highest at 12.3 in 2009-2010 with the same coming down to 9.5 in 2013-2014. The Rupee has been steadily weakening against the dollar and after hovering in the mid Rs 40 for over a decade the Rupee has been holding steady around the Rs 60. While the weakening of the rupee was mostly welcomed by the exporters, especially the IT sector, the same hit the industry hard that was directly or indirectly impacted by it. With the global slowdown, the economy was strained with almost all infrastructure related activities coming to a standstill in the years 2010-2014. On international trade, the exports have been rising steadily year on year and stood at US 318.6 billion, while the imports had reached its highest level at US 502.2 billion in 2012-2013. The same had come down to US 466.2 billion. The forex assets, excluding gold, have been rising and stood at US 303.6 billion in 2013-2014. What has been worrying is that the external debt too has been steadily rising and was at its peak at US 426 billion with the short term debt standing at US 92.7 billion. The RBI has been facing a challenge in trying to keep the Current Account Deficit (CAD) down to manageable levels. The CAD as a percentage of GDP has been at its highest at 8.6 in 2007-2008 but with tight control on imports, the same has come down to 2.6 in 2013-2014. Governor Rajan took over as Governor at RBI in 2013 under the UPA II has had to take measures to bring the economy back to a growth path. His initial steps have been to control inflation and bring down the trade deficit. The curbs on gold import helped to bring down the CAD but by later 2014-2015, the Governor is under pressure to bring down interest rates to boost investment. According to the Census Data 2011, the population stood at 1210.2 million. The population has risen by 17.64 over the previous Census taken in 2001, when the population stood at 1028.7 million. In absolute terms, the population has risen by 181.96 million. Interestingly, the female population has registered a higher growth rate at 18.3 over the male growth rate which was at 17.1. The children population count stood at 164.5 million which represents a rise of 660,000 over the previous Census in 2001. The male child (0-6 years) has increased between 2001 and 2011, while the female child in the same age group has decreased marginally. The density of population per square km in India is 382 persons. Delhi recorded the highest people density amongst all cities at 97.5 with Chandigarh recording the second highest. Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest density per square km. In a path breaking initiative, The Prime Minister has taken steps to introduce a power sharing grid amongst the SAARC countries that will ensure that the surplus power generated in one country is distributed to another country based on need. The region already imports 30 of its requirement and having a grid will help all countries in the region. India already has power buying agreements with Bhutan and Bangladesh. India is set to grow at a rapid pace from here and the power sector alone requires an investment upwards of US250 billion over the next five years, with US 100 billion needed by the renewable sector alone. India is expected to have a demand of 2 trillion units by 2019. Solar, wind and Hydro are major areas that are expected to witness major investments in a bid to shore up clean energy generation. The government is targeting 100,000 mw of clean power generation by 2022. Gas based power projects have suffered in the last few years. In a relief to major gas based power plants the government plans to provide major relief to help revive 16,000 mw of power. Relief measures include lowering of interest rates and longer loan tenures. Wind energy, a part of the clean energy plan of the government, has received a boost with the government planning to invite bids worth Rs 20,000 crore in the coming fiscal that will see private players add another 3,000 mw of clean energy generated from wind. Investment in power transmission has lagged behind with several south based states suffering from power transmission congestion. The government plans to auction eight major power transmission projects with a cumulative investment of Rs 53,000 crore. One project will connect Chhattisgarh with Tamil Nadu through a 2,500 km long high capacity power evacuation link, costing Rs 26,820 crore. Railways Reforming the Indian Railways is high on the new governments agenda. The railways has suffered from political interference and lack of adequate investment for years that has resulted in the entire infrastructure becoming strained to maintain, besides safety and efficiency standards falling to dangerous levels. The railways, on account of passenger operations, has been losing Rs 25,000 crore annually and almost all arms of the railways require a massive inflow of investment if it has to keep a pace with the growth and achieve optimum operational efficiency. The Railway Budget for 2014-2015 has the largest budget outlay at Rs 65,445 crore. The plan outlay under budgetary sources is placed at Rs 47,650 crore which is Rs 9,383 crore higher than the previous year. Railway Safety Fund has an allocation of Rs 2,200 crore. The new government has rightly identified critical areas of focus as project delivery, safety, passenger services including sanitation, cleanliness and catering, financial discipline, resource mobilization, IT initiatives, transparency amp system improvements. The central government is keen to push forward introduction of high speed railways with international funding, fare and tariff rationalization and consolidation amp expansion of dedicated freight projects. Green initiatives by the railways include utilizing station roof tops of stations, buildings and land under the railways for solar power generation to meet internal needs-to be executed under the PPP mode. Airport modernization The new government is keen to modernize Civil Aviation and is keen to push development of short interstate air connectivity besides making India a major aviation hub. However, the new government has not been able to take bold steps to open up the sector and is still grappling with policy issues related to privatization and operations. Airport modernization started under the UPA II is being further consolidated, after the new government took over this year. Six airports have been identified for modernization, of which Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow and Guwahati will be developed under PPP mode and Kolkata and Chennai will be under fee-based management contracts from private operators. The private aviation space continues to grow at a rapid pace with aircraft acquisition continuing by all operators and new ones like Air Asia and Vistara in the process of taking advantage of the opening up of civil aviation in India. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation has come under much criticism on account of safety downgrade by the US based FAA and this continues to remain a matter of concern, as India races ahead with expansion of its skies. National Highways Infrastructure The Indian road network covers over 33 lakh kms and is the second largest in the world. The roads handle 65 of the total freight and 80 of the passenger traffic. While the National Highways are just 1.7 of the total road network, they carry over 40 of the total road traffic. This reflects the growth potential for the same in India and by extension the massive investment required for the planned expansion of national and state highways. The National Highways Authority is responsible for managing a network of roads and highways that cover 92,851 kms. The UPA II faltered after initiating a massive expansion of the highways and the last few years saw various projects being stalled on account of land acquisition issues and funding. The new government is now taking steps to speed up the Land Acquisition Law reform to ensure that the highway expansion can get back on to the fast track mode. Amongst the policy measures undertaken to attract private sector investment has been the decision to provide capital grant of 40 of total project cost to enhance viability, on a case-to-case basis. 100 tax exemption for 5 years and 30 relief for next 5 years is offered, which may be availed of in 20 years. Concession period has been extended to 30 years. In BOT projects, entrepreneurs will be permitted to collect and retain toll. Furthermore, the concessionaire will be permitted to import modern high capacity equipment for highway construction. The government has now decided to undertake land acquisition and utility removal prior to handing over Right of Way to the concessionaire. This has also been one of the major reasons for delay in project execution. Coal and Mining sector Under the UPA II, Coal mine allocation to the private sector came under legal scrutiny and the new government has scrapped the earlier allocation of 204 coal blocks out of a total allotted 218 coal blocks and has announced that the cancelled blocks will be auctioned off in a fair and transparent manner. After suffering a slowdown in coal mining operations, the mining operations are now being given a boost. In the period April-September 2014, Coal India Limited mined 210.75 million tons against a target of 220.10 million tons. Of this, the total coal dispatched to the power sector has been 167.59 million tons reflecting a growth of only 3.5 over the same period last year. The power sector has reached critical levels of coal stock on account of slowdown in domestic mining. Similarly, iron ore mining had also come under criticism and mining operations suffered a setback. In addition, with international coal and iron ore demands suffering a decline, especially on account of slackening of demand from China, the international commodity prices have been steadily declining. Defence The Defence forces continue the process of modernization in keeping with the perceived threats in the sub-continent and the Indian Ocean Region. India has had a long and hostile neighborhood that has kept the defence forces in a high state of alert. With changing geo-political equations in the post-cold war era, new political-economic-military equations have emerged. The Defence allocation continues to remain high and the budgetary allocation for 2014-2015 is Rs 2,29,000 crore. Of this the largest share is allocated to the Army at 51.69, Air Force 23.68, Navy 16.51, DG Ordinance Factories 1.08, DG Quality Assurance 0.36, and RampD 0.07. With increased Chinese activity in the North and North Eastern borders, the government has decided to raise a Strike Corp, with limited offensive capability to handle any possible threat emerging from China. The raising of the new Corps is expected to cost Rs 60,000 crore. To increase mobility in the region, the government is accelerating its border road development program across Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and JampK. On air modernization, the government is in the process of finalizing the commercial and technical terms for the final agreement for the purchase of 126 MMRCA Raphael fighter aircraft from France. The long pending Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) has faced delays on account of terms of work allocation and cost negotiation with Russia. The same is expected to be resolved by 2015. India continues to consider and dominate the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and is expected to continue to play the role of safeguarding the maritime sea lanes from the Malacca Straits in the east to the Strait of Hormuz amp Gulf of Aden in the west. Towards enforcing sea control, the Indian Navy strategy revolves around maintaining at least 2 Carrier Battle Groups (CBG). Presently, the Navy maintains a fleet of 140 vessels which includes 3 stealth warships, recently inducted. An additional 41 ships are under construction in various shipyards. To augment its sea denial capability, 6 state-of-the-art stealth submarines are in the process of being built. India has had to deal with poor planning and project execution in the submarine acquisition and building space and with the new government pushing for Make in India, naval arena is likely to see a lot of activity, in coming times. The domestic defence manufacturing sector is all set to get a boost with the government raising FDI to 49 from the earlier 26. In certain cases of high technology transfer, up to 100 FDI will be allowed. Indian companies are being encouraged to form joint ventures to ensure that the weapons and equipment with latest technology are manufactured in India along with developing Research amp Development capability. Science amp Technology As Indian civilization is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, its history dates back to the prehistoric era and so is its science and technology. It has been found that many of the scientific inventions and discoveries which are still in practice had originated in India only. It started in a place called Mehrgarh, which is presently in Pakistan. These prehistoric human activities had been in continuation since the Indus Valley Civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization which was developed around 4500 BCE was a planned settlement that knew the usage of drainage and sewerage system. Not only this, the said civilization was so developed that advanced and modern canal irrigation and water storage systems which included artificial reservoirs could also be found there. Cotton and sugarcane were also cultivated during that time. The system of standardization, evolved by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization who used the weights and measures, allowed gauging devices to be used in measurement of construction and angular measurement very efficiently and the use of calibration was also found for measuring devices. Lothal, the most important city of the Indus Valley Civilization, is well known for having its earliest docks. The keen observations of todays oceanographers have proved that the Harappans were extremely knowledgeable about tides and also possessed excellent and extraordinary knowledge on hydrograph and maritime engineering. The finding of an animal-drawn plough is an archaeological proof that dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization. While tracing the origins of Indian cartography, Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008) a University of Minnesota professor emeritus of geography, on the facts of the surviving maps, disclosed that, Though not numerous, a number of map like graffiti appear among the thousands of Stone Age Indian cave paintings, and at least one complex Mesolithic diagram is believed to be a representation of the cosmos. Use of large numbers can be found from the religious texts found in the Vedic period. From the Baudhayan Sutra written by Baudhayana (8th century BCE), we can find some notable and prominent mathematical results which include value of pi to some degrees of precision. It consists of Pythagorean theorems general statements and also cites the formula for the square root of two. Science and technology was so advanced at that time that we can find the primary astronomical text with different astronomical features like calendrical studies, astronomical calculations between 6th and 4th century BCE. This text is named as Vedanga Jyotisha which was generally implemented for timing social and religious events. This precious text deals with Indian astrology also as it is a religious text, with detailed descriptions of time and season which includes lunar and solar months. It has been studied that at that time people had knowledge on twelve zodiac signs, eclipses, seven planets and twenty seven constellations. Cataract operation was also introduced during that time with a special tool called Jabamukhi Salaka and this operation was known as Sushruta (6th century BCE) to the physicians. Traces of active mines of zinc can be found at Zawar near Udaipur, Rajasthan. The information about the construction of dams and bridges made of iron chain and bamboo, which was interweaved, could be traced to around 4th century. An Indian philosopher, Kanada, who lived around 200 BCE was the most prominent supporter of Vaisheshika School of atomism. This school suggested that atoms are eternal and invisible which cannot be created and destroyed and each one of them possess their own specific individuality. During Chandragupta II Vikramadityas period (375413) the iron pillar of Delhi was constructed and we can make out the magnitude of science and technology advancements of that time from the fact that it is still rust-free. Use of the law of signs of multiplication was also evolved in India as well as Pascal Triangle, binomial coefficient and binary numbers. Zero, as any other number, was first introduced in India by 9th century BCE. Aryabhattas elliptical model was reevaluated by Nilkantha Somayaji of Kerala School of astronomy and mathematics in 1500. Some notable scholars of pre independent era were Satyendra Nath Bose, Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, Sir CV Raman, Meghnad Saha and many more. After India got independent on 15th August 1947, science and technology was encouraged and development began with a slow but steady pace. Indian Institute of Technology was established which was actually formulated by 22 members committee of scholars and entrepreneurs for upgrading technical education in India. Since then the positive and substantial growth of science and technology in our country is really noticeable and that is why today India has been considered as the third largest powerhouse of qualified technical manpower who are competent enough to face any challenge. Green revolution which started in the 1960s as high yield variety of crops was introduced with the help of advanced agricultural techniques which increased the production of food in India. The Father of the Green Revolution in India, Dr. MS Swaminathans dream to make the world free of poverty and hunger led the Green Revolution of India. White revolution in milk production, golden revolution in horticulture, blue revolution in production of fish and the yellow revolution in oil seeds also took place other than the green revolution. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) has developed a number of PARAM supercomputers which work for multiple functions like drug design, remote sensing, molecular modeling, weather forecasting and Indias space program. The information technology and the telecommunication sector in India have a very prominent role in India and have completely reversed its identity and picture in front of the whole world. These two sectors have established a very strategic position in the international market where India is looked upon as the hub for Information amp Communication s Technology (ICT). These two sectors have gone through total liberalization and immense growth since 1990s. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established to develop Indian space program very fast to promote rocket, space infrastructure and satellite development. For the national development, science and technology has emerged as a key instrument since India has become independent and our country has secured a very important and strategic position across the whole world. As India is a land of biodiversity, it has political boundaries which cover vast and extensive range of ecozones like high mountains, swamplands, deserts, grasslands, tropical and temperate forests, islands and rivers. The Western Ghats, The IndoBurma region and the Himalayas are the three biodiversity hotspots of India. It is a habitat of various types of animals, both large and small, like Bengal Tiger, Indian Wolf, Asian Elephant, Water Buffalo, Golden Jackal, Bengal Fox, Indian Rhinoceros, Nilgai and many more. The geological and geographical conditions of India play a very crucial and significant role in determining the climatic pattern of the sub continent. Being the earths highest mountain range with a gigantic stature, Himalaya acts as a barrier which protects India from the katabatic winds of icy Tibetan Plateau. Most of the parts of the country have a tropical climate as the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India. The whole weather pattern and the monsoon are very much unpredictable in India. The Himalayas in the north and the Thar Desert in the northwest play a very vital role for the Indian climate which work together and break all monsoonal patterns. The gaming industry in India is an emerging industry and has been predicted that by the end of 2017 it is likely to reach Rs. 4000 crore mark. Indian gaming market has a great potential as the country has younger generation which account for more than 50 percent of its total population. The growth of this industry is very rapid as it has become very common on different platforms such as online gaming, console, mobile, social media and others. There will be a high scope for the game developers who really possess creativity and skill, as developing a game is not only a coding job. Ecommerce and the gaming industry are concepts which are of recent origin. The games have been distributed to more than 200 cities through e commerce. But to make the gaming business a huge success, there are various challenges too. The gaming industry in India can have a strategic growth if the use of internet and the digital content of different types of devices increase. Research And Development There are innumerable numbers of research and development institutes in India where every type of research and development takes place. Indian Institute of Science was founded by Jamshedji Tata in 1899 in Bangalore with swami Vivekanandas patronage for research and higher education. The institute had some notable directors like Sir JC Ghosh, Sir CV Raman and others. Indias biggest research and development organisation Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was established in 1942. CSIR performs various types of research and development like aerospace engineering, structural engineering, metallurgy, ocean sciences, mining, leather, life sciences, etc. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru established the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962 which later evolved as Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Aryabhata was Indias first satellite developed by ISRO. The most significant achievement of ISRO is Indian Remote Sensing System which presents data for water harnessing, agriculture, land use and land cover mapping, forestry, ocean resources survey and fold mapping. The most recent achievement was the successful insertion of Mangalyaan in Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The Defense Research and Development Organisation were established in 1958 for the technological advancement of defense sector. For instance, the Kaveri engine was designed especially for the Indian environment as it extends from the worlds highest range of mountains to the hot deserts. India, a geographical space to which many travellers, traders and researchers have been to, is also one among the first few countries that have marked their virtual presence on internet. India online shopping and India online music have become a way of life for net savvy people within and outside India. Whats more, talented youth in India need not remain waiting for opportunities to come to them anymore. A study done by a US based company predicted that by 2016 there will be 283.8 million Indian online users. As the confidence of the online shoppers have boosted remarkably it has been predicted that the ecommerce industry in India will be a 15 billion market by 2016. With the advent of mobile banking, ATM channel and internet banking, the banking sector has got a complete transformation in their operational process. The healthcare industry has started realizing that to make their presence felt in the Indian healthcare industry, they have to compete in the online environment. Not only this industry, but every segment of Indian industry has understood the significance of having an online presence, right from the tourism and hospitality industry to the education segment. Online presence has become so vital that now people do not have to rush to ticket counters and stand in a long queue for purchasing a movie ticket or for the railway reservation bookings. They can sit at home and can book their tickets online. Travel amp Tourism The origins of the Indian civil aviation sector date back to the year 1932 and the credit largely goes to JRD Tata, the legendary chairman of the Tata Group. What began as a humble joint venture by the aviator Nevill Vintcent and the industrialist JRD, assumed large-scale operations by 1937 and in 1938 it was christened as Tata Airlines. Commercial success of Tata Airlines led to the birth of Air India on 29 July 1946. Ever since, Air India has carried out yeomans service both in the national and international arena establishing connectivity with 95 destinations around the world. Air India has a fleet of 121 aircraft. Its state - of-the-art first class completely validates the famous Indian hospitality. Combine this with the up-to-date services like mobile booking, online booking, low cost air tickets, web check-in and 24-hour help desk and Air India unfolds into an immensely attractive airline. The introduction of Air Corporations Act 1953 led to the nationalisation of the entire Indian civil aviation sector. Thus was born Indian Airlines Corporation, the coveted domestic airline of India. With a fleet of 70 high quality aircraft, Indian Airlines coverage area includes major destinations within and outside India. With a user-friendly online booking system, Indian Airlines has always been a perfect service provider maintaining quality, efficiency and reliability all along. The ever growing Indian tourism industry reached its pinnacle of glory in 2012 when it contributed 6.6 per cent to the countrys GDP. With employment getting a major boost (supported 39.5 million jobs in 2012), today the tourism sector in India is at an all time high. Keeping its Incredible India campaign intact, the Ministry of Tourism plans to reach the growth figure of 7.9 per cent (average annual rate) during 2013-2023. One wonders what could be the reason behind such optimistic prediction. The answer is very simple cultural diversity, mesmerising beauty, clubbed together with a visitor-friendly attitude make India a perfect global destination for travel. There is a natural flair in Indian geography that intrinsically draws travellers to explore its infinite charm. Also, heritage sites and cultural fairs and festivals eco tourism that offers sylvan landscapes, wildlife sanctuaries, snow-covered mountain peaks like the alluring Kanchenjunga, sun-kissed beaches like in Goa and Andamans easy accessibility to world class hotels and resorts and many more factors make India look incredibly alluring. Another aspect that has captured the imagination of international tourists is medical tourism which is growing fast, riding on the advantage of world-class treatment facilities at low-cost available in India. The concrete measures being taken by the Government to boost Indian tourism have manifested themselves in the manifold increase in employment and foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, its not for nothing that India is ranked as the best country brand for value for money in the Country Brand Index survey conducted by a leading global brand consultancy. The beginnings of Indian railways take us to the colonial era in 1853 when the first railway was introduced that plied between Bombay and Thane. Subsequently from 1857 began the expansion of Indian Railways initiated by the then British engineer Robert Maitland Brereton. Thus, commenced the journey of railways in India, a large and robust enterprise, now owned and operated by the Indian Government. Today, Indian Railways is a crisscross representation of several zones the numbers of which has increased from six to 17 over the years. With a total track length of 115000 km, trains in India operate on the broad gauge, standard gauge, meter gauge and the narrow gauge. Trains are aplenty in India and their classification is subject to their average speed. For instance, superfast trains like the Duronto, Rajdhani and the Shatabdi express run at an average speed of 130 to 160 kmh and have much fewer halts than others. The operational area of suburban trains and metros are within the periphery of important cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune. To promote tourism, the Indian Government has designed special trains like the Palace on Wheels, whose interiors are decked with the glorious Indian artistry, meant to provide feelings of pleasure and luxury to the travellers. With its reach extending even to the remotest areas, Indian Railways has the distinction of being the lifeline of this country. Keeping in view the highly competitive nature of travel and transport sphere, the Government has embarked upon innovative measures to enhance and upgrade the operations and services of Indian Railways. More. Indian embassy is the vital connect between India and rest of the world and its job is to diplomatically engage with other countries, while duly following the international law. The person responsible for mediating such a specific task is called the ambassador of the country. While dispersing his duties, the ambassadors topmost priority is to safeguard the rights and interests of the country. He works in the spirit of harmony and cordial relations, while forging closer social. cultural, economic and defence ties with other countries. The Indian embassy functions following the above mentioned principles in the course of its interaction with other countries. The Commonwealth countries of the world have high commissions instead of embassies and the Indian embassy makes every effort to fully cooperate with the high commissioners of these countries. Modern Indian history abounds with instances wherein India has extended diplomatic assistance to its neighbouring countries in the Central Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. Diplomatic missions carried out by India in far flung areas like in the Caribbean and Pacific regions are also well known. Overseas visitors desirous of visiting India must obtain a visa from the Indian embassy located abroad. However, this rule is not applicable to citizens belonging to visa-exempt countries like Nepal and Bhutan. India also offers visa on arrival facility that can be availed by ordinary passport-holders of 43 countries. The validity of this visa is 30 days for a single stay. To boost Indian tourism, the Government of India recently introduced the ETA enabled visa on arrival facility. ETA or Electronic Travel Authorisation promises to make citizens of more than 40 countries eligible for visa on arrival. This enables the ETA cardholders to immediately proceed towards the immigration counters once they reach India. To avail this benefit, tourists must apply four days in advance of their date of arrival. This visa is functional for 30 days and can be acquired twice a year. Those interested in obtaining an Indian visa must first complete an online application form. This process also requires one to submit a valid passport, a recent passport sized photo and details of their intended travel. The application fees for visa differ from country to country. The processing part of Indian visa applications are handled by outsourced agencies in most countries. However, very soon Indian agencies are set to replace them including those run by Travisa and VFS Global. Visiting certain remote areas in India is strictly prohibited even for valid visa holders. Foreigners, therefore, have to obtain special permission in the form of Protected Area Permit (PAP) to visit these places. Historically, various board and dice games that find reference in ancient Hindu texts and mythologies were popular in India. While there may not have been a mega sporting event like the Greek Olympics, competitions in wrestling and archery as entertainment for royal families were not uncommon in ancient and medieval India. Also, thanks to the great body of work in yoga and ayurveda as well as various dance forms, physical well-being was seen as an integral part of overall well-being. With the coming of the British, sports like other parts of life became an organized activity, and modern sports such as cricket, badminton, lawn tennis and hockey were introduced in the subcontinent. Its a quirk of history that a white mans game cricket became not only Indias most popular sport, but also its great obsession. As social scientist Ashis Nandy has cheekily remarked, Cricket is an Indian game invented by the British. Sports got a major fillip right after independence when Delhi hosted the first ever Asian Games in 1951. Six sports were featured in the games athletics, basketball, weightlifting, football, cycling and aquatics . India stood second in the medal tally with 15 gold medals. By the time India hosted the Asian Games again in 1982, sports in India had taken off, and the event featured more than 190 events in 21 sports along with 23 disciplines. However, compared to Asian sporting giants such as China, Japan and South Korea, India has lagged behind in sports in recent years the medal tally of recent Asiads brings this out sharply. India has been most successful in Olympics in field hockey, with the mens team winning eight gold medals in its glorious years. More recently, Indian archers, shooters, wrestlers, boxers and shuttlers have found success in the international arena. Though cricket continues to remain the most popular sport, sporting heroes such as Leander Paes and Sania Mirza in tennis, Saina Nehwal in badminton and Abhinav Bindra in shooting have made budding sportsmen and women more confident about pursing varied disciplines. Also, cricket no longer commands the absolute devotion that it once did in the 1980s and 1990s. Indias world cup cricket triumph of 1984 remains one of the finest sporting moments in the collective imagination of millions of Indians. Cricketers of every generation have been household names. But one man, Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar, rose to such supreme heights of fame and popularity that it is hard to imagine anyone in the future replacing his place. Its not as if there wont be great champions in Indian sports, but the Tendulkar era coincided with the opening up of the Indian economy, a reassertion of Indian nationalism, and the proliferation of television and other mass media, creating a unique, near-divine aura around the batting legend for his millions of fans. India has hosted several key cricket tournaments including the cricket world cup in 1987, 1996 and 2011. With the private sector getting more closely involved with sports and state government such as Haryana investing in sports in a significant way, the future looks promising. India has done particularly well in billiards and chess. Michael Ferreira, Geet Sethi and Pankaj Advani have brought several laurels for the country in the international arena. Viswanathan Anand has been the face of Indias success in chess for more than two decades. A new generation of sportspersons from states like Haryana and Manipur are leading Indias charge in the Olympics and elsewhere. Meanwhile, sports and events such as marathons, half-marathons, motor sports and adventure sports are gaining a committed band of followers in a globalizing India. Marathons are popular events in many cities now, with celebrities joining in to promote a social cause. Lebih. Cricket has rightly been described as a religion in India. Before the 1990s, Indian cricketers, though admired and lauded, were paid very meager amounts as salary. That changed with the opening up of the economy. Today Indian national team cricketers are multimillionaires, rubbing shoulders with Bollywood stars and endorsing multiple brands. In the first four decades after independence, cricket was still similar to the old colonial sport, and synonymous with Test cricket. It was a game spread over five days, with a one-day break in the middle, and followed on radio and in newspapers. It was played in whites and the great urban centers such as Bombay produced most of the cricketers. The average Indian cricketer of today is likely to come as much from a small town as from a big city. One day cricket and T20 have made the sport easy to follow and a made-for-television event. Purists argue that the twenty over version of the game has eroded its soul, but as long as the money keeps coming in, nobody will take their complaints seriously. Lebih. Indias national sport has seen the best of times and the worst of times. In the decades before and after independence, India was a powerhouse in hockey. The names of hockey legends such as Dhyan Chand are still taken in awed reverence. The Indian Hockey Federation was founded in 1927. The following year, India participated in Olympic hockey for the very first time in the Amsterdam Games. Captain Jaipal Singhs leadership and Dhyan Chands wizardry helped India to a landmark gold medal. India continued their golden ways in hockey in the next two Olympics. In the post-independence era, India clinched the gold medal in the 1948 London Olympics. Indias winning streak ended in the 1960 Rome Olympics when rivals Pakistan beat them in the finals. India made a comeback in one final burst of glory in the Moscow Olympics of 1980. The world of hockey had already started changing in the 1970s, and the subcontinent players found themselves out of touch with a faster, more aggressive style of playing. Indians also failed to adjust to the new artificial turf. Since then its been a saga of decline, with just a few flashes of brilliance for Indian hockey. Lebih. Football is a strange phenomenon in India. India ranks nowhere in the soccer playing nations of the world, but the sport is arguably only second in popularity to cricket. Football clubs such as Mohun Bagan and East Bengal in the eastern city of Kolkata have had a fanatical fan following traditionally. Football is also quite popular in Goa, Kerala and Sikkim among other states. Many young, urban middle-class Indians enthusiastically follow the English Premier League and Champions League. People are known to reschedule their holidays and office hours during the World Cup, one of the most widely followed sporting events in the country, though nobody seriously expects India to come even close to qualifying in the near future. Given Indias near-absence from the football map of the world today, its surprising to learn that India won the gold medal in the 1951 Asian Games reached the semi-final in the Melbourne Olympic and bagged another gold medal in the 1962 Asian Games. The formation of the Indian Super League in 2014, with the likes of Nicolas Anelka and Robert Pires part of the action, promises to turn around the fortunes of Indian football. But it is too early to tell what the long-term effects of the league would be. Lebih. Sardar Nihal Singh was the first Indian to play at Wimbledon in 1908. Two years later he managed to reach round 3 of the championship. The other Indian and British-India players to make a mark on the world stage during the British raj include the British brothers AA Fyzee and AH Fyzee SM Jacob Sydney Jacob (who represented India and reached the quarter-finals of Wimbledon in 1925) and the Lahore lawyer Mohammad Sleem, who reached the pre-quarters in 1921. Ghaus Mohammad Khan was the first Indian to reach the quarters in 1939. Post independence, Dilip Bose reached the 4th round of Wimbledon in 1948. But the first truly great Indian tennis player was Ramanathan Krishnan, a two-time Wimbledon semi-finalist in the 1960s, the farthest any Indian player has ever reached. Premjit Lall and Jaideep Mukherjea were among the other notable players of the 1960s and 1970s. Vijay Amritraj reached the quarter-finals twice in Wimbledon, in 1973 and 1981. In 1986, Ramanathans son Ramesh Krishnan reached the quarters of the championships. In more recent times, India has done quite well in the mixed, mens and womens doubles in various Grand Slams, with Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupati and Sania Mirza the three most successful Indian tennis players of the last two decades leading the charge. Lebih. Last Updated on. December 4, 2015 Advertise with us Let Your Voice be Heard by 1O Million Users in India
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